Earnest Hemingways Farewell To Arms English Literature Essay

Earnest Hemingways Farewell To Arms English Literature Essay Thesis: Farewells to arms by Earnest Hemingway concentrates on negative impacts of war, overall loss and how it affects people by making them lose the capacity for moral judgment and rational thought. I. Introduction II. Brief synopsis of A Farewell to Arms III. Factors that motivated Ernest Hemingway to write the novel IV. Symbolism in the novel The rain Catherines hair V. The theme of realism The harsh reality of war Love and Pain Escape from reality VI. Negative impact of the war V. Conclusion A Farewell to Arms A Farewell to Arms is an autobiographical novel written between 1899 and1961 by Ernest Hemingway and first published in 1929.The novel was written through a view point of Lieutenant Frederic Henry, an American who serves as an ambulance driver in the Italian army during the First Worlds War. The novel is about a catastrophic romance between Catherine Barkley, a British nurse and Frederick Henry, an American soldier. A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway concentrates on negative impacts of war, overall loss and how it affects people by making them lose the capacity for moral judgment and rational thought. Brief synopsis Henry, while serving in the front line of the Italian forces is wounded on the knee by a mortar shell and is admitted to a hospital in Milan. While in the hospital, he meets Catherine whom he falls in love with. The relationship blossoms in summer as they spent time together in Milan. After three months of staying together, Catherine gets pregnant. Henry returns to his unit but after a short period, he engages in the battle of Caporetto where Austro-German forces overpowered the Italian forces and forced them to retreat. While escaping from the enemys onslaught, their car is stuck in the mud and when two sergeants engineers picked on the way refuse to take an order of assisting in getting the car out of mud, Henry kills one of them. On realizing that they will be killed, Henry and other drivers seek refuge in a farm house and resurface on the next day. Henry is seized by the battle police and after hearing that a Lt. Colonel had been executed; Henry sets himself free from the grip of the battle police and dive into a river thus escaping from a possible execution. Henry and Catherine reunite and using a boat, they flee to Switzerland. They live a quiet life in a mountainous region in Switzerland and after a while, Catherine goes into labor. After a painful and long labor, Catherine gives birth to a stillborn son, gets a Hemorrhage and soon passes on leaving Henry who gets back to the hotel in the rain (Bakers 56). Factors that motivated Ernest Hemingway to write the Novel In 1918, during the First World War, Hemingway joined the Italian Red cross as an ambulance driver, where the Italian forces allied to French, British and Americans were fighting against Germany and Austrian Hungary. While serving in the Red Cross during the war, there are a number of experiences that prompted him to write the novel. The first experience occurred in July 8, 1918 when he together with three soldiers was hit by a trench mortar shell while crouching beyond the front line. Although Hemingway overstated the story over the years, it is clear that he was transferred to Milan where he falls in love with Agnes von Kurowsky, a Red Cross nurse. It is believed that the relationship between Henry and Catherine in the novel echoes Hemingways relationship with the Red Cross nurse. When Hemingway was working as a freelance journalist in Turkey and Greece, he witnessed the retreat of Greece army and its civilian which provided him a major foundation in writing his story .The story on retreat of the Italian troops was based on his experience on the retreat of Greece army and its civilians. The work by some authors has had a major influence on Hemingway Novel. In 1921 when he married his first of the four wives, he settled in Paris where he made important connections with American writers such as Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein. In his collection of stories, In Our Time, he introduced Nick Adams; one of his favorite authors whose difficult road from Youth into maturity he had recorded influenced him into writing his novels. Hemingway uses two major symbols to drive his point home by stating that war shows the dark side of humanity and causes more harm than good. Symbolism in the Novel The novel uses symbolic language to connect to readers emotion by showing how war can affect peoples mode of living and thinking which results in them looking for an escapade that in the long run might have negative consequences. These symbols wrap up the major themes in the novel and are used by the writer in a big way. The widely used symbols are rain and Catherines hair. The rain In the context of the novel, rain symbolizes the foreseeable collapse of a happy life. While Catherine and Henry were sleeping on Bed listening to the storm outside, Catherine introduces the meaning of the rain. As the rain dropped on the roof, Catherine admits the fact that rain frightens her and goes further to state that it has a tendency of destroying things for lovers. In real life situation, meteorological phenomena do not have such power but symbolically, Catherine fears is shown to be prophetic where after a short while, doom befalls the lovers. After the death of Catherine, Henry leaves the Hospital and walks home in the rain. In this case, the falling rain verifies Catherines anxiety and confirms one of the argument of the novel that great love just like other things in the world however good or bad they may be do not last forever (Mellow 103). Catherines hair Catherines hair is an important symbol in the novel. In the early stages of their relationship, as Catherine and Henry lie in bed, Catherine takes down her hair and lets it flow over Henrys head. The fall of Catherines hair reminds Henry of being behind a water fall or enclosed in a tent. The picture exhibited by the hair stand as a symbol of the isolation of the couples from the world. With a fierce war around them, they successful secure a wonderful seclusion which they believe is protected by something that is as delicate as hair. Later, when they are completely isolated from devastation of war and living in peace in Switzerland, they learn a cruel lesson that affection in the face of harsh reality is as short-lived and delicate as hair (Meyers 87) The impact of symbolism in defining the theme of Realism Symbols have been used well to define major themes in the novel and have been echoed in the theme of realism that encompass the harsh reality of war, love and pain, and escape from reality. The rain shows the reality that befalls Henry where he uses love as a guise in running away from war but ends up in tragedy. The war caused him to engage in a wrong relationship that ultimately ended in death of Catherine and the baby. The reality within the symbol of the rain is that anything however genuine it is has a short lifespan and this is well exhibited in the love relationship he engages with Catherine that takes a short span. The delicate nature of the love affair is symbolized by Catherines hair. The symbols bring out the theme of realism in a number of ways. The harsh reality of war The title of the novel is depicted in line of war which Frederic Henry struggles to set himself free from and leave it behind. Few characters such as Gino and Ettore Moretti support the war but majority of them are hesitant about the war, doubtful of the glory it allegedly brings and resentful of the havoc it brings about. The novel provides a clear description of the violent chaos and senseless brutality brought about by the conflict. As the values and integrity of men in the society begin to disintegrate, the negative effect is felt in the soldiers minds, nerves and their capacity for moral judgment and rational thought. For instance, Henry shoots an Engineer for refusing to help him free the car that had stuck in the mud, a violent outburst that contradict his coolly detached character. The murder of the engineer seemed to be justified because it is an expected result of violence and disorder of war (Waldhorn 76). Love and Pain The theme of realism is depicted well in the relationship between love and pain. Against the background of the ravages of war, Hemingway offers a mournful, deep mediation on the nature of love. Catherine initiates a game meant to seduce Henry while still mourning her dead fiancà © with an aim of distancing herself from the pain of her lost love. Love can bring about misery and can as well be used as a cure for the misery. Henry intends to move far away from war as possible and so together with his love, they find temporary solace from things that affect them. Henry understands how critical his love for Catherine is, offsets any concern for abstract ideals such as fame in order to flee the war and look for her. This is a clear indication that love can go as far as distracting a person from everyday life. The tragedy faced by the couple show that love, however genuine it may be is always temporary as other things of the world as depicted in the symbol of the rain while at the same tim e it is as delicate as Catherines hair (Oliver, 68). Escape from reality Escape from reality expounds on the theme of realism in a number of ways. Henrys involvement with Catherine is aimed at escaping the insanity of war. Actually the extreme circumstance of the war brought the two together thus creating an environment that allowed them to fall in love. The love affair provides Henry an emotionally safe landing where he can evade the reality of the war. Under normal circumstances, the relationship would not have occurred but due to the conditions that surrounded both Catherine and Henry, the relationship was initiated with ease. In order to escape the reality of war by getting into a love relationship with Catherine, Henry had misunderstood his actions. He had alienated himself from the environment of war which he believed had no place in his life but when Aymo is killed by his own army, he discovers that he is not really separated at all from the events and gets into a reality that he is an integral part of the war and has no chance of avoiding it. At t his instance, he gets scared and so in order to escape immediately, he separates himself through love. When Catherine is about to deliver her first child, Henry becomes nervous. Although the baby is the product of their love, he becomes an important tool in connecting Henry to the reality of his current situation even though the insanity of war is over. The symbol of the rain as prophesized by Catherines fear of the rain is well explained where neither Catherine nor Henry handles the situation at hand. Catherine shows her inability to cope with the situation physically through her death and the death of the child. Fredrick exhibits his inability to cope with the circumstances through his peculiar behavior such as getting frightened of numbers over two (Bloom 88). Symbolism as used in explaining the Negative impact of the war Basing on the rain as a symbol, the ultimate decision of Henry abandoning the war and settling for love ends tragically which clearly signify that war has numerous negative effects. War forces people to engage in things that might seem good at the start but end in a bad note. Through the symbol of rain, the negative effect of war is well depicted where Henry engages in acts of escapism to evade insanity caused by the war. His escape from the negative reality of war ultimately leaves him a dejected man. War is a major theme in the novel and defines many evils that result from its madness. Generally, war has defined human beings for many years and shows how deeply people hate each other. The novel has little combat but exhibits numerous effects of war. For instance the town, Gorizia, functions normally although there are people dying around it. More people die from diseases than in combat which is one of the effects of war. The act of war within the novel is involved in everything and this can be proved by the act of Henry and others making fun of the priest. Actually, war is always in the background. The confusion of war causes some members of the forces to engage in unethical acts in the name of duty. For instance Rinaldi and Fred chase their women and carry on with their duties. The action of chasing the women indicates that war moulds people who have no feelings and can thus do anything to win it. When the business of war commences, the men express their feeling about it where the drivers state that it is a conflict in terms of class struggle and so they were not willing to fight it at all. Shelling and shooting in the war results in injuries and death. Henrys legs are torn apart while one of his men is killed by an explosion which rocks them. War results in people losing their moral judgment and rational thought and thus engages in horrendous acts. For instance, Fred learns a shocking fact that the wounded soldiers must be left behind the hills as it is diff icult to defend the mountains against attack by the Germans and so they retreat abandoning them instead of offering assistance to them. In this case, war promotes selfishness and kills the spirit of assistance as specified by wounded people being left in the battle field. Negative impact of the war gets intense as the retreat continues. Henry shoots and kills one of the engineers after they refused to take his orders and injures another who in the long run is killed by Bonello. It is apparent that the drivers do not want to be engaged in the war but they are forced to and develop heartlessness which in turn has negative effects on their conscience. Retreat by Italian forces brought about confusion where Italian officers panicked, started interrogating and executing anyone who was not Italian. This obviously shows that war causes people to lose their sense of humanity and allows impunity to sets in. The emotional effect of the war causes people to make wrong decisions and undertake w rong actions that under normal circumstances would not have happened. As a result of the war and quest to escape from it, Henry engages in a love relationship with Catherine. Although he managed to run away from the effects of the war, the end result of this love is tragic where both Catherine and the child die leaving Henry a dejected man. Despite the fact that the novel talks about the effects of the war, it fails to condemn it harshly but states that war is an inevitable outcome of senseless and cruel world. Hemingway puts forward his opinion by stating that war is nothing more than murderous and dark extension of a world that fails to protect, acknowledge and preserve true love (Hemingway 12). Conclusion A Farewell to Arms written by Ernest Hemingway describes how war affects the moral judgment and rational thought of people. People make wrong decisions and end up in tragedies as symbolized by the rain in Henrys situation. For instance, Henry engages in a relationship that ends in the death of Catherine and their baby. War affects the economic, social and political aspect of any society as it is an extension of the world that fails to acknowledge, protect and preserve true love.

Machiavelli vs. George W. Bush

Machiavelli Vs. George W. Bush The Bush Administration was a very controversial topic after the terrorist attacks on 9/11/01. While some people said, â€Å"It was the right thing to do,† others believed it was an outrage, and blamed Bush’s ideas on former, dictator-like philosophers. Niccolo Machiavelli was a famous political philosopher, who was in my opinion, the most similar to the Bush Administration. Machiavellis’ ideas on civil liberties, what government is supposed to provide and protect against, sovereignty, and how public morality and private interest intersect in deciding who makes policy is very similar to Bush.Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a story, The Prince, which had drastically changed his view in political leadership. After the terrorist attacks Bush also had a drastic change in political views. Bush went from focusing on health care and taxes, to preventing terrorist attacks, going to war, and creating agencies to help the U. S stay safe. Bush took drastic steps to protect the homeland and its interests abroad.He created a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Homeland Security; this consolidated 20 agencies under one cabinet umbrella. President Bush believed that â€Å"helping to build free and prosperous societies (including Afghanistan and Iraq), the U. S and its allies would succeed in making America more secure and the world more peaceful† (u-s-history. com, 18). Bush also proposed a very controversial Patriot Act, which had given the intelligence and law enforcement communities powerful tools to enhance their anti-terrorism mandate.Machiavelli believed that â€Å"The Prince should have constant readiness for war,† and that â€Å"it is not reasonable to suppose that one who is armed with obey willingly one who is unarmed; or that any unarmed man will remain safe among armed servants† (pg. 151, 1c, 2p, Ebenstein). The Patriot Act was controversial manly because the increased surveillance and inve stigation capabilities seemed to go against some of our guaranteed rights of the Constitution.Machiavelli had two goals for his story, one, to get back into government work and two, a call for stability of an Italian nation state (free from religious or secular foreign rule). The Bush administration countered that under the threat of terrorist attacks in American cities and against American interests worldwide, previous defensive tactics were inadequate. Offensive action in the form of intelligence gathering and pre-emptive strikes against threatening regimes were deemed appropriate under the circumstances. Machiavelli believed in only two types of governments; monarchies, and republics.Tyranny is included in monarchy and is a ruler’s virtue to adapting to the situation (lion and fox). The masses are happy with the arrangement because they are either awed or scared by the tyrant. Republics based on law, governed with the interest of most citizens, all classes have a chance of serving in government; conflict between classes- deflect individual ambition. In Machiavelli’s eyes, Bush is portrayed more of a Republican. Machiavelli strongly believed it was safer to be feared rather than loved. Power must be the main positive concept in a Prince.He urges princes not to help others, be stingy, cruel, deceptive, and to get others to do the dirty work so they can escape blame, yet he doesn’t believe in neither good nor evil. His mindset is very confusing, and very contradictory. Machiavelli strongly followed the story of Cesare Borgia de Orco and how he used violence as a means of attaining individual ends. Right after this Machiavelli reveals that he â€Å"condemns those who use violence to destroy governments even as he praises those â€Å"founders† who establish strong monarchies and republics.

Homeless Is A Feeling Like No Other - 969 Words

Give Me Shelter Being homeless is a feeling like no other. I have seen individuals choose to be homeless, and I have seen others who did not want this life style, yet were thrown into it head first. The emotions that a person can go through varies depending on one of those two outcomes. Those who choose to live on the streets do not care about themselves as much as someone who has been put there by another means. I have never felt as lonely as I did when I was homeless. I had several friends, yet no friends at all. My family just gave me excuse after excuse as to why I could not stay with them. I had nowhere to call home for about six or seven months of my life. I felt as if I were shunned. To live a life outside of what I had come to know made me think of a fish out of water: trying to grasp on for life with no luck at all. No one was there to help me. Also, it was winter, so staying warm was a feat in itself. I was lonely. What else can I say? I worked a job that had little meaning to me. It did not pay well and being homeless, I was forced to choose to keep what little money I had for clean clothes, gas in my car for warmth, or eating. Seeing as how it was winter, I chose warmth and clean clothing. At times I would go to the laundry mat and get a small sandwich while my clothes were washing. At times, that was all would eat for a few days. I slept mostly in my car: my clothes in the back seat,Show MoreRelatedHomeless Is A Feeling Like No Other970 Words   |  4 PagesMe Shelter Being homeless is a feeling like no other. I have seen individuals choose to be homeless, and I have seen others who did not want this lifestyle, yet were thrown into it head first. The emotions that a person can go through varies depending on one of those two outcomes. Those who choose to live on the streets do not care about themselves as much as someone who has been put there by any other means. 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Understanding My Best Self, And Highlight Situations

he following will provide insights into defining my â€Å"best self,† and highlight situations that bring out my best traits. My â€Å"best self† is a construct from descriptions given by family and friends; and of my own interpretations of what I believe my â€Å"best self† is. My path to evolve into a more effective leader is presented after analysis and reflection of my â€Å"best self.† Summary of Methods I obtained seven email responses for this project. I was not able to obtain ten responses because some people did contact me back. The responders where family, friends, and a former-coworker. My mother, stepfather, and brother provided responses. I also had friends from college who provide well rounded information. Lastly a former co-worker provide†¦show more content†¦Since commonalities from feedback could potentially align with multiple leadership styles; I decided to select the leadership style that most represents the commonality from feedback/examples. Demonstrated Leadership Style Commonalities Feedback/Examples Given Pacesetting Provides high effort 1. Works hard to achieve his goals 2. Demonstrates commitment and fully engages, setting a standard for those around you 1. Shows up - This was especially demonstrated while I (mom) was going through chemotherapy 2. Show up for family and friends when needed 1. Demonstrates the ability to empathize with another person and create commonalities 2. Uses kind words in interactions and strives to understand their intent 3. You look at all sides to a situation. You think out-loud as you consider all sides. 1. You are a good listener†¦I ve observed you listening to others, making eye contact and affirming their responses to you. 2. Listens well when having a conversation and contributes in a meaningful way 1. Makes others feel comfortable and respected 2. Being a team player 1. Encourage those around you to also have a positive attitude in tough times 2. Demonstrates calm demeanor with frantic client/vendor relationships 3. Shows patience through difficult and frustrating circumstances 1. Your constant yearning to understand how things work†¦enables you to look at problems differently and

Why The South Suffered A Major Downfall - 1568 Words

There were various reasons as to why the South suffered a major downfall, and loss in the American Civil War. The South did have several advantages from its vast amount of land, to its trained soldiers who possessed many skills, to its knowledge of the land since it was familiar land to them. However, the North had various advantages from it advantages in both their amount in soldiers and resources, to the having great financial resources, to being higher than the South industrially, to having a strong navy, and to having more railroad systems and a greater leader. Both also had disadvantages, from the South having fewer factories, to having a smaller population compared to the North because almost one-third of the population was made up†¦show more content†¦The last reason would be they were outnumbered or basically outmanned, and lacked in resources, factories, and transportation that would help them during wartime, compared to the North. So basically the three reasons the North won and the South lost was because of the economy and financing, overpowering manpower of the south, and centralized government, or lack thereof by the South. â€Å"For better or worse, the political philosophies underlying the creation of the Confederate States of America, with its emphasis upon a strong state and a weak central government, coupled with its vast investments in a slave-labor-based agricultural economy, meant that the South had neither the ability nor the desire to develop the kind of industrial economy or centralized financial system required to sustain a â€Å"modern† war. By contrast, the Union’s willingness and ability to vastly increase the influence and footprint of the federal government not only contributed directly to its military success in the war, but it also transformed many other areas of national life, including industrial, economic, agricultural, mechanical, and financial realms.† (â€Å"Industry and Economy during the Civil War†) The Confederates States of America, was established by eleven states that left the Union. The Constitution for the Confederacy protected slavery, by vie wing slaves as mere property. Also, they were devoted to a free market. The South believed in states’ rights. â€Å"A consistent source of tension was

Pit-Bull Case Free Essays

Legislation over the long-standing debate regarding the safety of housing Pit Bulls continues between pro Pit-Bull advocates and those fearing for their safety throughout Canada. Today, the issue of housing large, potentially dangerous dogs in the city has reached pivotal concern. A course of action is necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Pit-Bull Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The level of concern surrounding Pit Bulls is greater than the concern over other dangerous domesticated dogs. There are, however, people who enjoy having Pit Bulls as pets. Pit Bull owners constitute a smaller percentage of people in comparison to those with concern over a Pit Bull’s safety. It comes down to pure fear over these life-threatening dogs. Yes, the anti-Pit Bull contingency has a voice, and with justifiable concern. Evaluation is in order regarding the pros and cons surrounding this issue. This position paper will clearly show that all breeds of Pit Bulls should not be housed in cities throughout Canada. There are many breeds of Pit Bulls—all of which can be threatening. The various breeds of other dangerous domesticated dogs are even larger. Lawyer Clayton Ruby argues the legislation. He sites the following: since 1983 there were 23 dog attacks in Canada that led to fatality. Of these 23 attacks, only one involved a Pit Bull. Thus, according to Mr. Ruby, legislation needs to be written governing all dangerous dogs, and not just Pit Bulls. The slant here, however, will be focused on developing legislation that will make it illegal to own a Pit Bull if you reside in a major city in Canada’s surrounding Provinces. First, we must consider the levels of all dog aggression in comparison to Pit Bulls’ aggression. The least dangerous level is called the submissive level. It includes dogs that display very little signs of aggression. Dogs of this nature tend to roll over when challenged and they will not respond with aggression. No Pit-Bull, regardless of breed, meets these criteria. The next level of dog aggression is known as the generic level. This level of dog aggression only demonstrates hostility if another angered dog approaches it. At this level, if attacked, a generic dog will respond with just enough tenacity to repel the instigating dog from its assault. Again, there isn’t a single Pit Bull that is calm enough to match this non-threatening level. The next level of aggression meets the characteristics of a Pit Bull Terrier. This Pit Bull, labeled a happy-normal-Pit-Bull-Terrier, is a dog that only displays aggression when challenged. This dog will respond aggressively. The only way to separate an aggressive Pit Bull Terrier is by using a ‘break-stick’ level of restraint. These restraining traits must be learned from trained specialists. Here in lies our first red flag. If even the most receptive breed of Pit Bull has a tendency for hostility, it is not feasible to consider Pit Bulls as an environmentally-safe pet, especially in the confines of a city. Pit Bulls at their most obedient level will always attempt to make friends with new dogs. This unreserved level of sociability in a Pit Bull can be the catalyst that leads to aggressiveness and fighting, or even death. When we add a Pit Bull that lives in a crowded city, the situation becomes grave and the opportunity for an unfortunate incident increases. It’s important to point out that even the friendliest Pit Bull will not tolerate aggressive behavior. If, for example, a Pit Bull is led through a small city park where people take dogs and children to play, there is a greater chance for altercation. Even if leash-restrained Pit Bulls are led through a city, the opportunity for an unfortunate encounter, on any given sidewalk might occur. Dogs, by nature, tend to gravitate toward one another. This curious sniffing can lead to danger if a Pit Bull is involved. The next level of Pit Bill is known as the average Pit Bull. These dogs will exhibit aggression toward strange dogs of the same sex while acting cautious around dogs of the opposite sex. If an average Pit Bull is challenged, they will counter with aggression. Physical intervention is necessary to separate a fight. Lastly, we come to the dog-aggressive-Pit-Bull. Pits at this level can live with other dogs but will attack any strange dogs (strange refers to any dog unfamiliar to a Pit Bull). Again, the only means of alleviating aggressive encounters between dogs at this level of aggression is by physical intervention. The fights can be very serious. There are a large number of variables that can occur to a Pit Bull in a city that would lead to aggression. Sometimes it only takes curiosity from neighboring dogs or young children to initiate a Pit Bull’s innate sense for violent tendencies. Legislation that does not allow city-dwellers to own a Pit Bull needs to pass. So many people live together in tight quarters in Canadian cities. This makes it an unsafe region for Pit Bulls. This legislation must come to action before another person or animal is maimed or killed by these instinctively dangerous dogs. How to cite Pit-Bull Case, Papers

Corporate Social Responsibility for Volkswagen-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Social Responsibility for Volkswagen Company. Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility forms an important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). Furthermore, an effective management of the shareholders is another important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations. It is significant to note that the shareholders are the investors who have made an investment into the concerned business organization and thereby take an active interest in the diverse business activities of the concerned business organizations (Pless, Maak, and Stahl 2012, 873-903). The effective management of the relationship with these diverse shareholders thus becomes very important for the various business organizations. However, in the opinion of many people the various employees of the concerned business organizations form a more important part of the business organization than the shareholders whom the managers or the leaders of the concerned business organization gets to meet only once or twice a year (Pless, Maak, and Stahl 2012, 873-903). In addition to that, many people are of the opinion that the various employees contribute more towards to the overall growth as well as the development of the concerned business organization (Cheng, Loannou, and Serafeim 2014, 1-23). This particular essay intends to shed light on the statement of the particular statement of the CEO of Volkswagen Why should I care about the shareholders, who I see once a year at the general meeting. It is much more important that I care about the employees; I see them every day and the concept of corporate governance. The paper will more specifically focus on the unethical use of the defeat device which the company Volkswagen used to manipulate the emission rates of the vehicles manufactured by it. Corporate Social Responsibility or more commonly called by the name of CSR can be defined as the process by means of which the various business organizations functions as a self-regulatory mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards and national or international norms (Cheng, Loannou, and Serafeim 2014, 1-23). Thus, the various business organizations form their own regulatory bodies by means of which they form their regulatory bodies which functions just like a sovereign would rule their empire (Schwartz 2017, 10-51). Furthermore, these regulatory bodies are in compliance with the various international rules as well as regulations and thus they are used by the various business organizations for the resolution of the various conflicts and the crisis events which the various business organizations often face (Pless, Maak, and Stahl 2012, 873-903). In the opinion of many scholars, corporations increase long-term p rofits by operating with a CSR perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from businesses' economic role (The Globe And Mail 2018). Furthermore, the CSR is also indicative of the social responsibility which a particular business organization has towards the society. It is commonly seen that the various business organizations take the help of effective corporate social responsibility to not only further the interests of their business organizations but also to create a positive brand image for themselves. Thus, it is often seen that the various business organizations often indulge in various creative activities to create a better brand image for themselves. Therefore, it is often seen that the various business organizations also try to promote the various precepts of the environmental legislations in the corporate social responsibility programs in a bid not only to create a positive brand image for the company concerned but also to contribute towards the cause of the environ ment. Thus, it can be said that the various corporate social responsibilities followed by the diverse business organizations are a reflection of the goals as well as the objectives set by the concerned business organization. The company Volkswagen, founded in the year 1937 by the German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler is a German automobile company which specializes in the manufacture of the cars and other vehicles (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). It is significant to note that the company was adjudged the largest automobile company of the world in the year 2016 in terms of the sale volume (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). The literal meaning of the name of the company is "people's car" and therefore the company intends to serve the interests of the common people in the best possible manner (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). However, in the recent times, the company had faced a lot of backlash due to the unethical means which it used not only to enhance the number of vehicles sold by it but also to evade the results of the various regulatory tests. According to a recently published article in The Telegraph (2018), Volkswagen has admitted that 11 million vehicles worldwide were fitted with software to cheat emissions tests, as the scandal moved from beyond the US (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). Furthermore, in addition to this, the company is facing fines of $18 billion after accepting it had systematically installed software in VW and Audi diesels since 2009 to deceive regulators who were measuring exhaust fumes (Nytimes.Com 2018). This shocking revelation by the company has put more than 11 million vehicles from all over the world at risk. It is significant to note that the company used software, also called by the name of defeat devices, which when implanted in the cars showed a reduced emission rate than the actual ones that was originally being produced by the cars (Nytimes.Com 2018). This revelation originally put 482,000 cars at risk however later on investigations proved that the company used the same software to evade the tests for more than 11 million vehicles (BBC News 2018). The problem surfaced last November when the company found irregularities in tests to measure carbon dioxide emissions levels that co uld affect about 800,000 cars in Europe - including petrol vehicles (BBC News 2018). However, later investigations unearthed that it was the defeat device used by the company which was causing the problem. Therefore, it can be said that the company in a bid to increase the amount of profit gained by it on an yearly basis put not only the lives of millions of people from different parts of the world at risk but also posed a significant damage to the environment by manipulating the emission rates of the vehicles which it manufactured. Therefore, it would not be too far-fetched to say that this particular policy used by the company was not only unethical but also posed a significant damage to the environment and the lives of the people concerned in the process. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the organization which is entrusted with work of ensuring that the emissions caused by the various vehicles are kept at a minimum level (The Guardian 2018). The official report of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the nation of the United States of America states that cars had been fitted with sophisticated software algorithms which detect when they are undergoing official emissions testing and turn on full emissions controls (The Guardian 2018). It was thus particular defeat device which was enabling the cars to evade the safety tests. It is significant to note that the various nations have levied a fine of more than $18 billion on the company in addition to the set aside 6.5 billion to tackle the problem which is expected to include a huge recall so that the software can be updated (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). This particular unethical practice of the company has made millions of vehicles all over the world illegal and also has pu t the lives of billions of people across the world at risk due to the environmental risk which these vehicles are posing to the environment. The Corporate Social Responsibility policies of the company as well as the other strategies which the company takes help of focused more on the increasing the number of sale of the vehicles and thereby the annual profit of the company concerned. The CEO of the company himself said Why should I care about the shareholders, who I see once a year at the general meeting. It is much more important that I care about the employees; I see them every day (Volkswagenag.Com 2018). Thus, it can be said that the policies as well as the strategies of the company are directed more towards the employees who form one of the core components of the company. It is significant to note that this is in stark contrast to the policies followed by the other business organizations which place a greater amount of value on the satisfaction level of the shareholders who have spent not only their capital but also other resources in the company (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). Therefore, it would be apt to say tha t the corporate governance policy of the company under discussion places more amount of insistence on the various employees of the company rather than on the diverse shareholders of the company (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). In the opinion of many people, this was one of the major factors which contributed to the downfall of the company in the recent times. The employees no doubt forms a very part of the organization concerned however the company by focusing more on the employees developed the strategy which ultimately lead to its downfall. In the opinion of many people, it is true that the primary purpose of the various business organizations is to make money however they should take into consideration the society as well as the planet as well of which they also are a part (Epstein and Buhovac 2014, 2-78). Furthermore, it is significant to note that financial sustainability is more important than the employee sustainability which the company tried to achieve by focusing more on the employees (Kinderman 2013, 701-720). A financially sustainable company could have withstood the backlash the company under discussion experienced recently (Kinderman 2013, 701-720). However, as the company chose to be an employee sustainable company by focusing more on the satisfaction of the employees thus the company was not able to handle the backlash. The company after the incident came to light has taken certain steps which would help the somewhat mitigate the damage which it committed in the course of the many years. First of all the company has decided to revoke all the vehicles which used the technology of defeat device (Kinderman 2013, 701-720). Secondly, the company also has agree set aside a huge sum of more than 6.5 billion in a bid to handle the situation which it has created and is also trying to change the style of governance followed by it for the management of its business operations, which has been attributed as one of the major reasons which lead to the fall of the company (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). It is significant to note that in the year 2016 the company was the largest automobile company in the world (Telegraph.Co.Uk 2018). However, after the incident the company lost one third of its shares within a single week and ended up incurring a loss of more than one billion. To conclude, it becomes apparent that corporate social responsibility forms an important part of the various business organizations. It can be said to embody the rules as well as regulations by means of which the various business organizations govern themselves just like a ruler would rule his or her kingdom. Furthermore, it is significant to note that the Corporate Social Responsibility of the various business organizations takes into consideration the various legislative as well as the ethical precepts given by the diverse governmental bodies. Moreover, it is often seen that an effective CSR policy can help the business organization concerned to bring about their overall growth as well as development however an ineffective or misplaced CSR can also bring about the ruin of the company concerned. 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